Quercus ilex, commonly known as holm oak or holly oak, is an evergreen oak tree native to the Mediterranean region. Here are some key characteristics and information about Quercus ilex:
Description: The holm oak is an evergreen tree that can reach heights of up to 25 meters (82 feet). It has a dense, rounded crown and dark green, leathery leaves that are often holly-like, with spiny margins.
Leaves: The leaves of Quercus ilex are elliptical or ovate, measuring 4-8 cm in length. They are glossy on the upper surface and paler underneath. The leaves may have a wavy or spiny margin, which is more pronounced in younger plants.
Acorns: The tree produces acorns, which are the fruit of the oak. The acorns are small, about 2 cm long, and are usually borne singly or in pairs. They take about 18 months to mature.
Habitat: Quercus ilex is well adapted to a Mediterranean climate, thriving in regions with hot, dry summers and mild, wet winters. It can be found in a variety of habitats, including forests, woodlands, and coastal areas.
Ecological Importance: Holm oak is ecologically important as it provides habitat and food for various wildlife species. The acorns are a food source for birds, mammals, and insects.
Cultural and Landscape Use: Due to its attractive evergreen foliage and adaptability, Quercus ilex is often used in landscaping and as an ornamental tree. It is also sometimes cultivated as a shade tree in parks and gardens.