Ephedra viridis, commonly known as green ephedra or Mormon tea, is a perennial shrub in the Ephedraceae family. Here’s a detailed description:
Physical Characteristics
Size: Typically grows to about 1-4 feet in height.
Stems: It has jointed, green, photosynthetic stems which are mostly leafless. The stems are slender, ridged, and broom-like, giving the plant a somewhat wiry appearance.
Leaves: The leaves are reduced to small, scale-like structures that are opposite and fused at the base, measuring about 1-2 mm in length. They are not the primary site of photosynthesis, as this function is taken over by the green stems.
Roots: It has a deep taproot system, which helps it access water from deeper soil layers.
Reproductive Characteristics
Flowers: Ephedra viridis is dioecious, meaning individual plants are either male or female. The flowers are small and inconspicuous, with male flowers forming yellowish catkins and female flowers appearing as small, solitary cones.
Fruit: The plant produces small, dry, and winged seeds. The seeds are generally brown or tan and are about 3-5 mm in size.
Habitat and Distribution
Native Range: This species is native to the arid regions of the western United States, including states like Utah, Nevada, Arizona, Colorado, New Mexico, and California.
Habitat: It commonly grows in desert scrub, pinyon-juniper woodlands, and rocky slopes. It is well-adapted to dry, sandy, and well-drained soils.
Uses and Cultural Significance
Traditional Use: The stems of Ephedra viridis have been traditionally used by Native American tribes to make a tea, known as "Mormon tea" or "Brigham tea." This tea was used as a mild stimulant and for medicinal purposes, such as treating colds and allergies.
Ecological Role
Wildlife: The plant provides habitat and food for various wildlife species. Small mammals and birds may eat the seeds, and the plant can serve as cover for smaller animals.
Ephedra viridis is a resilient plant well-suited to its harsh native environments, and it holds both ecological and cultural significance in the regions where it is found.